Venture Smith-The Struggle For Freedom in Connecticut

The Life of Venture Smith
Life of a Connecticut Slave

Day I 

Read the summary of "Slavery in Connecticut" and review the timeline.  Have a class discussion of the African American experience in colonial Connecticut.

Day 2

1. Tale a moment to write down your definition of slavery.  As a class come to a consensus an list the elements or components of slavery on the board.

2. Make a T-Chart in your notebook titled "Slavery in Connecticut" on one side, leaving plenty of room between each element.

3. Read alone or with you teacher "A Narrative of The Life and Adventures of Venture Smith" and look for evidence of slavery as you as a class have defined it.  When you have found an event that corresponds to one of the listed elements of slavery, quote the Narrative, writing page number and corresponding line (s) on the right hand side of the T-Chart.

Day 3

Discussion Questions:
1. Did slavery exist in Connecticut in the colonial period?
2. What was the African American experience in colonial Connecticut?
3. How can primary source documents help us to better understand history?

Slave Ads and 

Slave Life in Connecticut

Day 4


Advertisements offering rewards for capturing runaway slaves was a common sight in Colonial Connecticut newspapers.  Through these ads we can learn a great deal about everyday life for these enslaved people.  

1. In groups of four, analyze one of these "Connecticut Slave Sale Ads" or "Runaway Slave Ads" published in Connecticut newspapers.  As you are reading, brainstorm any and all observations and questions you might have.  Have a recorder in the group write down you group's observations and questions.

2. Have a class discussion about what we can learn about the daily lives of Connecticut slaves.  How did they dress?  What sort of work did they do?

The Living Consequences: Connecticut Apologizes for Slavery
Resolution Expressing The Profound Regret of The General Assembly

Slavery in America-Part II (Life As A Slave)

Slavery in America-Part II

Life As a Slave

     
In America, Africans were sold and taken to new homes, where they would be forced to work, usually for more than twelve hours a day. Most slaves worked in the fields, picking tobacco or cotton. Slaves who did not work or tried to run away were beaten and sometimes even killed. Slaves were given simple shacks and clothes and food to eat, but this did not make up for what was taken away from them. By law, slaves were considered property that could be bought and sold. Families were often split up and never saw each other again. Slaves were forbidden to speak their native African languages or practice their native religions. Slave owners could kill a slave without punishment. Slaves were not allowed to own property, to gather for meetings, to marry whom they chose, or even to learn to read and write.

Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)

Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Maryland and treated harshly in his young life. He taught himself to read and eventually escaped to the North. There, he published his narrative and became one of the country’s most important speakers against slavery. Here is an excerpt from his narrative where he recalls Slave Life.

"Here, too, the slaves of all the other farms received their monthly allowance of food, and their yearly clothing. The men and women slaves received, as their monthly allowance of food, eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes; the whole of which could not have cost more than seven dollars. The allowance of the slave children was given to their mothers, or the old women having the care of them. The children unable to work in the field had neither shoes, stockings, jackets, nor trousers, given to them; their clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts per year. When these failed them, they went naked until the next allowance-day. Children from seven to ten years old, of both sexes, almost naked, might be seen at all seasons of the year.

There were no beds given the slaves, unless one coarse blanket be considered such, and none but the men and women had these. This, however, is not considered a very great privation. They find less difficulty from the want of beds, than from the want of time to sleep; for when their day’s work in the field is done, the most of them having their washing, mending, and cooking to do, and having few or none of the ordinary facilities for doing either of these, very many of their sleeping hours are consumed in preparing for the field the coming day; and when this is done, old and young, male and female, married and single, drop down side by side, on one common bed, — the cold, damp floor, — each covering himself or herself with their miserable blankets; and here they sleep till they are summoned to the field by the driver’s horn.

At the sound of this, all must rise, and be off to the field. There must be no halting; every one must be at his or her post; and woe betides them who hear not this morning summons to the field; for if they are not awakened by the sense of hearing, they are by the sense of feeling: no age nor sex finds any favor. Mr. Severe, the overseer, used to stand by the door of the quarter, armed with a large hickory stick and heavy cowskin, ready to whip any one who was so unfortunate as not to hear, or, from any other cause, was prevented from being ready to start for the field at the sound of the horn.

Mr. Severe was rightly named: he was a cruel man. I have seen him whip a woman, causing the blood to run half an hour at the time; and this, too, in the midst of her crying children, pleading for their mother’s release. He seemed to take pleasure in manifesting his fiendish barbarity. Added to his cruelty, he was a profane swearer. It was enough to chill the blood and stiffen the hair of an ordinary man to hear him talk. Scarce a sentence escaped him but that was commenced or concluded by some horrid oath. The field was the place to witness his cruelty and profanity. His presence made it both the field of blood and of blasphemy. From the rising till the going down of the sun, he was cursing, raving, cutting, and slashing among the slaves of the field, in the most frightful manner. His career was short. He died very soon after I went to Colonel Lloyd’s; and he died as he lived, uttering, with his dying groans, bitter curses and horrid oaths. His death was regarded by the slaves as the result of a merciful providence."

Discussion Questions: 

1. Describe the life of a slave in Maryland.  What did they eat?  How did they sleep? working conditions?

2. Who was Mr. Severe? What was the relationship like between the slaves and the overseer?

3. What would you have found most difficult if you were a slave?

To learn more about Frederick Douglass and his struggle for freedom click on this website: Young American Heroes.